CSWIP 3.1 - SECTION 7 MATERIALS INSPECTION CSWIP 3.1 - 第7章 材料检验

Material Inspection is the FIRST step to Quality Welding
材料检验是获得优质焊接的第一步

7.1 GENERAL｜总则

One of the duties of the Visual/Welding Inspector is materials inspection and there are a number of situations where this will be required:
目视/焊接检验员的职责之一是材料检验，在多种场景下都需要开展该项工作：

- At the plate or pipe mill.｜在板材或管材制造厂。
- During fabrication or construction of the material.｜在材料制造与施工阶段。
- After installation of material, usually during a planned maintenance programme, outage or shutdown.｜材料安装完成后，通常在计划性维保、停工检修期间。

A wide range of materials can be used in fabrication and welding and include, but is not limited to:
制造与焊接可使用种类繁多的材料，包括但不限于：

- Steels｜钢
- Stainless Steels｜不锈钢
- Aluminium and its alloys｜铝及铝合金
- Nickel and its alloys｜镍及镍合金
- Copper and its alloys｜铜及铜合金
- Titanium and its alloys｜钛及钛合金
- Cast iron｜铸铁

These materials are all widely used in fabrication, welding and construction to meet the requirements of a diverse range of applications and industry sectors.
这些材料广泛应用于制造、焊接与工程建造领域，满足各行各业不同工况的使用需求。

THREE ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF MATERIAL INSPECTION｜材料检验三大核心要素

1. Material type and weldability｜材料种类与可焊性
2. Material traceability｜材料可追溯性
3. Material condition and dimensions｜材料状态与尺寸

① MATERIAL TYPE & WELDABILITY｜材料种类与可焊性

The Inspector must verify the material designation to ensure compliance with relevant standards and client requirements.
检验员必须核验材料牌号，确保材料符合相关标准与客户要求。

- Check material grade, chemical composition and mechanical properties.｜核查材料等级、化学成分与力学性能。
- Ensure material is suitable for the service conditions.｜确认材料适配服役工况。
- Confirm weldability and compatibility with WPS & filler metal.｜确认材料可焊性，以及与WPS、填充金属的匹配性。

② MATERIAL TRACEABILITY｜材料可追溯性

Traceability means the ability to track a material from manufacture to final installation.
可追溯性指能够追踪材料，从出厂直至最终安装就位。
Each material item should have:
每件材料都应具备：

- Heat Number / Plate/Pipe Number｜炉号 / 板号/管号
- Mill Test Certificate (MTC)｜出厂材质证明书（MTC）
- Material Identification Tag｜材料标识标签
- Fabrication Records｜加工记录

Proper traceability ensures the correct material is used and can be verified at any stage.
完善的可追溯体系保证全程使用正确材料，并可在任意阶段复核核验。

③ MATERIAL CONDITION & DIMENSIONS｜材料表面状态与尺寸

Surface Condition｜表面状态
Rust, Scale, Pitting, Laminations, Cracks, Mechanical damage
锈蚀、氧化皮、点蚀、分层、裂纹、机械损伤

Dimensional Checks｜尺寸核查
Thickness, Width & Length, Outside diameter (OD), Wall thickness, Straightness, Ovality
厚度、宽度与长度、外径（OD）、壁厚、直线度、椭圆度

Use calibrated measuring instruments such as vernier caliper, micrometer, thickness gauge etc.
使用经校准的量具，例如游标卡尺、千分尺、测厚仪等。   

WHEN IS MATERIAL INSPECTION PERFORMED?｜材料检验实施时机

① BEFORE FABRICATION (At Mill)｜制造前（钢厂阶段）

- Verify material grade, heat number, dimensions and surface condition.｜核对材料牌号、炉号、尺寸及表面状态。
- Review Mill Test Certificate (MTC).｜审核材质证明书（MTC）。
- Ensure material complies with project specification.｜确认材料满足项目规范要求。

② DURING FABRICATION｜制造过程中

- Confirm correct material is issued from storage.｜确认从库房领用的材料牌号正确。
- Maintain traceability and identification.｜保持材料的可追溯性与标识。
- Check material marking & heat number.｜核查材料标记与炉号。
- Ensure material matches WPS and drawings.｜确认材料与WPS、图纸保持一致。

③ AFTER INSTALLATION｜安装完成后

- During maintenance, shutdown or repair.｜维保、停机检修或维修阶段。
- Inspect for corrosion, erosion, cracks and material degradation.｜检查腐蚀、冲蚀、裂纹以及材料劣化情况。
- Ensure correct replacement materials are used.｜确保替换材料牌号正确。   

7.2 MATERIAL TYPE AND WELDABILITY｜材料类型与可焊性

A welding Inspector must understand and interpret material designation to check compliance with relevant documents. Examples: BS EN / API / ASTM / ASME / ISO
焊接检验员必须读懂、解析材料牌号，核对相关文件，常用标准体系：BS EN / API / ASTM / ASME / ISO

The material must comply with:
材料必须符合：
Purchase Order, Fabrication Drawings, WPS (Welding Procedure Specification), Quality Plan, Client Specification
采购订单、加工图纸、焊接工艺规程（WPS）、质量计划、客户规范

A commonly used material standard for steel designation is BS EN 10025 – Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels.
钢材牌号常用标准：BS EN 10025 非合金结构钢热轧产品

Example of steel designation: S355J2G3
钢材牌号示例：S355J2G3

- S = Structural steel｜S = 结构钢
- 355 = Minimum yield strength 355 N/mm² (MPa) applicable for thickness ≤ 16mm.｜355 = 最小屈服强度355 N/mm²(MPa)，适用于厚度≤16mm
- J2 = Impact toughness 27 Joules at -20℃ (J0 = 27J at 0℃, J27 = 27J at +20℃)｜J2 = -20℃冲击功27焦耳（J0代表0℃，J27代表+20℃）
- G3 = Normalised or Normalised rolled condition. Gives improved toughness and better weldability.｜G3 = 正火或正火轧制状态，提升韧性、改善可焊性

WELDABILITY｜可焊性

Weldability is the ability of a material to be welded satisfactorily under specific conditions.
可焊性：材料在特定焊接条件下，获得合格焊接接头的能力。

Factors affecting weldability:
影响可焊性的因素：

- Carbon equivalent (CE)｜碳当量（CE）
- Alloy content｜合金含量
- Preheat requirement｜预热要求
- Heat input｜热输入
- Hydrogen control｜氢含量控制

Higher CE = Lower Weldability
碳当量越高 → 可焊性越差

Reference Standard: ISO 15608 Welding – Guidelines for a metallic material grouping system and steel product data books which provide guidance on the suitability of a material and consumable type for a given application.
参考标准：ISO 15608《焊接 — 金属材料分组体系指南》，钢材产品手册可指导母材与焊材在特定工况下的适用性。   

INSPECTOR'S CHECKLIST FOR MATERIALS｜检验员材料核查清单

✅ Verify material grade & specification｜核查材料牌号与规范要求
✅ Check material marking & heat number｜核对材料标记与炉号
✅ Review Mill Test Certificate (MTC)｜审核材质证明书（MTC）
✅ Inspect surface condition｜检查表面状态
✅ Measure dimensions & thickness｜测量尺寸与厚度
✅ Ensure compliance with drawings｜确认和图纸一致
✅ Confirm weldability requirements｜确认可焊性相关要求
✅ Record inspection results｜记录检验结果

Quality Begins质量始于此